Born Global and Gradual Internationalization Essay Example for Free

Brought into the world Global and Gradual Internationalization Essay In customary models, firm internationalization is viewed as a continuous procedure of ability develop by which firms gradually amass the assets important to confront remote market vulnerability (Eriksson, Johanson, Majkgard, Sharma, 1997). These models accept that organizations develop in their household advertises before they begin to send out widely. This is apparently so in light of the fact that there is a learning procedure engaged with confronting obscure markets, and such a procedure requires information and assets to confront and conquer dubious results and expensive speculations. Information and assets are logically procured through understanding, first in known local markets and afterward in bigger outside business sectors (for an audit see Leonidou Katsikeas, 1996). Much writing has archived this risk of strangeness, or the cost looked by firms that work abroad, and the requirement for organizations to make abilities in outside business sectors (Mezias, 2002; Zaheer, 1995; Zaheer Mosakowski, 1997). Traditional models of internationalization have drawn analysis (Andersen, 1993; McDougall, Shane, Oviatt, 1994; Turnbull, 1987). There is experimental proof that shows the presence of little, youthful firms, blessed with extremely restricted assets, which start to trade following their establishment. For example, Moen and Servais (2002) detailed, for an example of Norwegian, French, and Danish firms, the presence of numerous organizations sending out an enormous portion of their all out deals not long after their foundation. Such experimental proof recommends that the Uppsala model isn't the main conceivable approach to portray the firm internationalization forms. Turnbull (1987) reprimands the determinism intrinsic in stage-based models, and contends against the idea that all organizations, paying little mind to industry type, nation setting, or different factors, should unavoidably follow a fixed course to get global. Different creators (Chadee Mattsson, 1998; Erramilli Rao, 1993; OFarrell, Wood, Zheng, 1998) battle that the internationalization procedure isn't similarly mind boggling and exorbitant in all ventures. In businesses where exchange boundaries, fixed speculation, and transportation costs are low, for example, administrations, internationalization might be less expensive regarding money related and hierarchical assets. The brought into the world worldwide contention basically expresses that firm internationalization doesn't need to experience the dynamic gathering of assets and abilities. It places that organizations can begin sending out from the second they are made, and it declares that organizations are equipped for infiltrating markets that are far away, both topographically or â€Å"psychically† (by virtue of their distinctive social and language qualities), in spite of having restricted assets and minimal aggregated hierarchical learning. The meaning of a conceived worldwide firm was begat by McKinsey Co.in a report that broke down an example of Australian trading firms (McKinsey Co. , 1993). It was utilized to depict firms that, obviously, had experienced quicker procedures of internationalization than would have been normal for firms of comparable size, age, and nature. It was in this way suggested these organizations were conceived globals. Cavusgil (1994), and furthermore Knight and Cavusgil (1996), expounded McKinsey Co. s exact perception to contend against customary models of internationalization. Cavusgil (1994: 18) ventured to express that â€Å"gradual internationalization is dead. † These cases started a scholastic discussion spinning around various hypotheses of internationalization. From that point forward a few creators (Collis, 1991; Knight Cavusgil, 2004; Madsen Servais, 1997; McDougall et al. , 1994; Oviatt McDougall, 1994) have endeavored to give a hypothetical establishment to these exact perceptions. The hypothesis has concentrated on building up the predecessors of such firm conduct. One exploration stream contends that the brought into the world worldwide wonder will be generally predominant in information concentrated firms, for example, those that make programming or data innovation items. Once made, numerous information escalated items, for example, programming, can be duplicated at low negligible expense. Among the 25% Born Global firms in Australia who accomplished 76% of their deals through fares, a few are innovative firms, however the common firm uses notable innovation. Along these lines, it is contended that little information serious firms can sidestep the home market and target outside business sectors, or enter household and global markets all the while (Bell, 1995; Bell, McNaughton, Young Crick, 2003; Boter Holmquist, 1996). Autio, Sapienza, and Almeida (2000) found that firm information force was emphatically related to worldwide deals development, and a few examinations (Bell, 1995; Boter Holmquist, 1996; Coviello, 1994) have archived the inclination for firms in information serious parts to internationalize quickly. As indicated by cavusgil, brought into the world worldwide organizations which ordinarily contend in specialty markets are entirely adaptable and move quick. They are fruitful because of: 1. Expertise to fulfill altered or concentrated item demands from clients. 2. Advances in correspondence innovation and let their supervisors work across limits and their reaction time is shorter and are entirely adaptable and versatile. A recommendation regularly made is that the home market has little significance for the conceived worldwide firm, to the point of guessing that a little nearby interest may drive the organizations endeavors to look for circumstances abroad. Chime et al. (2003: 341), for example, contend: â€Å"This conduct is especially pervasive among firms working in little open economies and in rising countries, where local interest might be constrained. † For instance, Denmark is an exceptionally little market and firms are left with no other alternative yet go to various markets to expand their deals and thus accordingly there are many Born Global firms in Denmark. Around 39% of the organizations in Denmark are brought into the world worldwide. The vast majority of the organizations are very dynamic exporters with trades representing practically 70% of their deals. Past universal experience of organizers and workers has additionally been proposed as assuming an intervening job in early internationalization (Bengtsson, 2004). Such experience improves the organizations capacity to learn and, subsequently, to internationalize quickly. A few creators contend that the new firms information and aggregated experience sum, at long last, to the business visionaries own insight about different markets (Knight Cavusgil, 2004). Madsen and Servais (1997) set that contrasts between customary exporters and conceived worldwide firms can be credited generally to contrasts in their organizers foundations. The authors universal experience may influence the degree to which mystic good ways from key markets is seen to be an impediment to internationalization. It is conceivable that business people with worldwide experience have a very much evolved system of contacts that permits them to internationalize prior (Contractor, Hsu, Kundu, 2005; Kundu Katz, 2003). In the previous 2 years a few academic examinations have concentrated on the system elements of worldwide new pursuits (Coviello, 2006; Mathews Zander, 2007; Mudambi Zahra, 2007; Zhou, Wu, Luo, 2007). To sum up, apparently numerous hypothetical and experimental contemplations bolster the presence of conceived worldwide firms. This regardless, surviving hypothetical turns of events and exact investigations are a long way from demonstrating that â€Å"gradual internationalization is dead† (Cavusgil, 1994). The conceived worldwide writing is as yet deficient with regards to an exact meaning of what a conceived worldwide firm is, and some current definitions are repetitious. Moen (2002) states, for example, that â€Å"although firms that follow this steady advancement example may in any case exist, the typical example might be distinctive in the new thousand years. † His attestation is upheld by the way that somewhere in the range of 30 and 40% of the sending out firms in his example of Norwegian and French firms were trading inside 2 years of their creation. The way that 60â€70% of firms in the example were not sending out inside those 2 years is by all accounts missing from the conversation. It additionally creates the impression that the conceived worldwide contention can be made exactly more grounded by basically changing the time range to initially send out required for a firm to be viewed as brought into the world worldwide and furthermore what level of deals should trades represent. Irregularity in definition standards makes it hard to think about the conceived worldwide wonder across various examinations. Another significant thing in choosing whether a firm is genuinely worldwide is to think about the Psychic separation I. e. ; the distinction in culture, language and exchange understandings between the organizations nation and the nation to which it sends out. For instance, in Costa Rica numerous organizations set up a powerful exchange with close by nations. These nations †territorial neighbors, for example, Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras †are near Costa Rica as far as social qualities and strategic policies. Not many firms, be that as it may, sent out upon birth to the all the more testing vital markets, for example, the US and Europe, which have altogether different business and social practices. Most of firms that were named â€Å"born global† firms, went out to really be â€Å"born territorial. † This implies in spite of the fact that they began sending out right off the bat in their lives, and kept trading a genuinely huge portion of their business, quite a bit of these fares were focused on local neighboring nations. There was just one firm, whose current fares represent 81% of complete deals, that began sending out, directly from its initiation, to the most vital market: the United States. This firm can be supposed to be a genuine â€Å"born global† firm, since it began with the greater part of its clients in an outside nation situated far regarding clairvoyant separation. The presence of conceived worldwide fir

Supply Chain Integrity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gracefully Chain Integrity - Essay Example Taking into account the way that the world has become a worldwide town and today’s organizations work in a domain that goes past the confinements of limits and outskirts. Consequently, because of development of business frameworks there rises another significant issue that is in regards to consistence with incomprehensible worldwide laws and guidelines presented by various nations and overall worker's guilds to manage brutality and tax evasion. In this situation, most of issues can be settled adequately just if gracefully chain staff utilize the proper advancements and apparatuses. Also, the utilization of powerful data innovation based applications and devices can permit the business associations to assemble whole gracefully chain framework and every single appropriate angle, henceforth dealing with security dangers, developing perceivability, in the end keeping up flexibly chain trustworthiness. The utilization of these innovation based instruments and applications can furni sh the associations with straightforwardness for the administration of all flexibly chain partners, involving providers, clients, distributers, customs division and specialist organizations. Besides, these instruments and advancements are extremely valuable to gracefully chain supervisors in accomplishing outright effortlessness of a wide assortment of business procedures, for example, conveyance, acquisition and culmination frameworks, including watching out for stock timetable and getting notices or substitution in the event that the degree of stock turns out to be low (Eyefortransport, 2013; Gartner, Inc., 2012). The essential reason for this examination is to talk about the effect of gracefully chain honesty on business associations. This paper talks about a portion of the significant viewpoints related with flexibly chain, gracefully chain the executives, and flexibly chain honesty. This paper will examine issues in gracefully tie honesty and answers for address those issues. G racefully Chain and Supply Chain Management In their book, (Laudon and Laudon, 1999, p. 55) characterize the gracefully chain the executives as a procedure that consolidates the absolute most significant business exercises, for example, the specialist co-ops, end clients, retailers coordinations activities into a specific dependable way†. In this situation, the gracefully bind is accepted to be the most significant part of flexibly chain the board as it includes an assortment of corporate activities, for example, fabricating units and plants, dispersion channels and focuses, retail outlets, staff and data, administrations, which are connected right through the particular specialty units for example coordinations or acquirement, to convey finished results and administrations from assembling unit to end clients. Essentially, in a flexibly chain process, these items, merchandise or administrations come as crude materials and create by methods for an organization’s coordina tions and assembling framework until they are conveyed to the end clients. To manage the flexibly chain, an association endeavors to dispose of hindrances and etch the measure of assets connected en route. This can be completed by smoothing out the associations inside tasks or by plunging stock expenses by getting data from the providers to put of arrival of merchandise and their installments until the moment they are required. Data Technology makes efficient gracefully chain manag

Sandra Bem Biography and Contributions to Psychology

Sandra Bem Biography and Contributions to Psychology History and Biographies Print Sandra Bem Biography Pioneering Feminist Psychologist By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on October 12, 2018 More in Psychology History and Biographies Psychotherapy Basics Student Resources Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming My central passion has always been to challenge the long-standing cultural belief in some kind of a natural link or match between the sex of ones body and the character of ones psyche and ones sexuality. â€" Sandra Bem, 1995 What Bem Is Best Known For Sandra Bem was a psychologist particularly known for these areas: Gender studiesGender schema theoryBem Sex Role InventoryClinical psychology Early Life and Education Sandra Ruth Lipsitz was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on June 22, 1944. She was raised by working-class parents in an often tumultuous household. Her mother, however, encouraged her daughter to pursue a life outside of housework. In grade school, she insisted on wearing pants to her Orthodox Jewish school and her refusal to wear a skirt nearly led to her expulsion. These early experiences foreshadowed Bems later research and writing on topics such as gender roles, sexuality, and androgyny. Sandra attended the Carnegie Institute of Technology and majored in psychology. There she met a young professor named Daryl Bem during the last year of her undergraduate studies. She asked Bem to supervise her independent studies and the two quickly formed a romantic interest. Sandra feared that marriage would hold her back from her career, so she initially declined his proposals. Eventually, the two agreed to commit themselves to what was at the time considered an unconventional, egalitarian marriage that allowed Sandra to pursue her professional interests and goals. They agreed that they would share household responsibilities equally, as well as all parenting responsibilities should they ever decide to have children. They married on June 6, 1965, when Sandra was just 20 years old and had two children. They continued their commitment to their egalitarian marriage, sharing household chores, supporting each others careers and splitting parenting duties.  While the couple later chose to live separately, they continued to parent their children as partners and remained both friends and colleagues. In 1965, she enrolled at the University of Michigan and earned her Ph.D. in Developmental Psychology. Career Sandra taught at Carnegie-Mellon and Stanford, but eventually took a position at Cornell University after Stanford denied her application for tenure. At Cornell, she served as a professor of Womens Studies and the Director of the Womens Studies program. Her research interests while at Cornell centered on sexuality, androgyny and gender schema theory. The Bems approach to marriage inspired Sandra to explore the detrimental impact of rigid and traditional sex roles. She developed the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), which was designed to measure how people psychologically identify with masculine and feminine gender roles. The goal of the inventory was to demonstrate that it was advantageous to have a personality that included both masculine and feminine qualities. She developed her gender schema theory to explain how society and culture transmit ideas about sex and gender. Gender schemas, Bem suggested, were formed by things such as parenting, school, mass media, and other cultural influences.   Contributions to Psychology Bem had an important influence in psychology and on our understanding of sex roles, gender, and sexuality. She was honored with many awards, including the Distinguished Scientific Award, the Association for Women in Psychology’s Distinguished Publication Award, and the American Association of Women’s Young Scholar Award. In 1995, the Divisions of General Psychology and History of Psychology of the APA named Bem an Eminent Woman in Psychology. Four years after being diagnosed with Alzheimers, Sandra decided to end her own life before the disease became too debilitating. According to her obituary in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Sandra and Daryl spent a final day together and that evening Sandra took a drug and passed away peacefully in her sleep. She died on May 20, 2014, at the age of 69 at her home in Ithaca, New York. Selected Publications Bem won awards and recognition for many of her publications. Some of the most famous ones include:   Bem, S. L. (1998). An unconventional family. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Bem, S. L. (1993). The lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on sexual inequality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Bem, S. L. (1981). Bem sex role inventory professional manual. Palo Alto, Calif.: Consulting Psychologists Press.  Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88, 354- 364.Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155-162.Bem, S. L., Bem, D. J. (1973). Does sex-biased job advertising aid and abet sex discrimination? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 3, 6-18.

The Roaring Twenties - 1460 Words

The Nineteen Twenties, sometimes known as The Roaring Twenties ,was the time period between 1920-1929. Jazz music, flappers, and bootlegging were prominent during this time. Alcohol was banned causing the crime rates to skyrocket and the consumption of alcohol fluctuated. The nineteen twenties were a time for change both socially and politically. America’s wealth increased significantly and people listened to the same genres of music, and bought the same things. Even with all the changes that came with the Twenties, the bad outweighed the good drastically. Organized Crimes, Prohibition Laws, and the appearance of new money against the old, changed America like no other other decade in Americas history specifically in the culture, society, and fashion. In the nineteen twenties people began to conform to society. America was changing drastically. Before the twenties America was going through the Progressive Era. The Progressive Era was a period of reform. Monopolies were still h ighly common even with the Sherman Antitrust Act. According to the Cornell University Law School the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed to eliminate monopolies and fight anticompetitive business practices. Because of fears during the late 1800s that monopolies dominated Americas free market economy, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890 to combat anti competitive practices, reduce market domination by individual corporations, and preserve unfettered competition as the rule ofShow MoreRelatedThe Roaring Twenties3168 Words   |  13 Pagesisolationist minds of Americans in the roaring twenties focused on the dream of total freedom as they strove towards liberation in their daily lives, and were represented by the authors of the modernist fiction era. Throughout the 1920s decade, Americans were a part of the fevered frenzy that accompanied the dream of total freedom; a dream that encompassed the ideas of rebellion and equality. Lucy Moore, author of Anything Goes; a Biography of the Roaring Twenties, describes how Walter Fabian utilizedRead More The Roaring Twenties Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesThe Roaring Twenties Rarely has the world seen such a unique decade in time as the Roaring Twenties. It was an age of prosperity and change. The United States experienced a recession that was followed by a period of unlimited prosperity. Although the United States encountered both positive and negative experiences, it proved to be very influential in the future. The 1920s were definitely Roaring in more ways than one. There were major changes in American Society during the 1920s thatRead MoreOverview of the Roaring Twenties1383 Words   |  6 PagesThe â€Å"Roaring Twenties† were an age of dramatic political, social, and economic change. Women wanted new and improved rights and the nation’s wealth doubled between 1920 and 1929. Culture, values, and the technology of America changed and it had only just begun. The â€Å"Roaring Twenties† were considered as a â€Å"celebration of youth†. The many experiences that came from WWI had transitioned into the growth of cities, new industries, and new morals. Women finally won the right to vote in 1920, and thereRead MoreThe Rise Of The Roaring Twenties1310 Words   |  6 Pages The 1920s, or better known as the roaring twenties changed the lives of women in America politically, physically and mentally. Women were granted more freedom, the right to vote, changed their physical appearance, and focused on materialistic goals instead of moral values. Before World War I, women would wear a high collar, long straight skirts below the knee and long hair that was tied loosely. The roaring twenties brought along swing dancing and jazz which changed the way women dressed and dancedRead MoreEssay on The Roaring Twenties1209 Words   |  5 PagesThe Roaring Twenties Do you ever find yourself wondering why the 1920s were called the Roaring Twenties? The Roaring Twenties was a celebration of youth and culture. During the 1920s, many different forms of art, music, and literature began. There were many changes that took place in the 1920s, and many people were influenced by these changes. The Roaring Twenties was a constant party because America was celebrating the victory of World War I. Many customs and values changed in the UnitedRead MoreRoaring Twenties Essay839 Words   |  4 PagesThe Roaring Twenties The decade of 1920-1929 was a time of great change, reform, improvement, adjustment and alteration of everything Americans had come to rely on. In other words everything changed. Not one part of common life was unaffected. Exciting new events happened in sports, entertainment, science, politics, communication and transportation. It was the age of prohibition, it was the age of prosperity, and it was the age of downfall. The twenties were the age of everything. It hasRead MoreThe Roaring Twenties Essay979 Words   |  4 Pagestime in American history. An old Victorian nation had transformed into a vibrant, modernized America. Often called â€Å"The Roaring Twenties†, this time featured the famous slicked back hair, vibrant Flappers, and of course, marathon dances. From inflated economics to unprecedented invention, forces collided to produce the most explosive decade of the century. â€Å"The Roaring Twenties† encapsulates a captivating story that began with the return of young soldiers from the front of World War I. Those whoRead MoreAnalysis Of Roaring Twenties 1746 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals subscribe to beliefs and purchase goods because of what they represent, caused drastic changes in society. The value of interpersonal relations diminished, and the very meaning of reality was synthesized and then deconstructed. The â€Å"Roaring Twenties† represented a time where no true reality was accepted until it was skewed by the wealthy. Fitzgerald utilizes the character of Owl Eyes and the billboard of Dr. T.J Eckleburg to highlight the substantial differences between the illusive faà §adeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Roaring Twenties 1328 Words   |  6 PagesJesus Gonzalez Kelly McMichael AMH2020 24 July 2015 Ricardo Chapman – The Roaring 20s The 1920s I known as the roaring twenties. A time in the United States that roared with prohibition, jazz, and tub made gin. The 20s were not only about the fun but also some of the greatest inventions that have made our lives better were created. Radio broadcasting began in 1920 with the first broadcast done from Pittsburg. The three positioned traffic light, which I believe to be one of the most interesting inventionsRead MoreThe roaring twenties in Australia2952 Words   |  12 PagesWhether or not the term Roaring Twenties is an adequate description of the character of Australian society from 1920 to 1929 depends on the circumstances of the Australian population in this decade, because Roaring implies the 1920s were full of dramatic social changes, which may have came about from spontaneous economical or political incidences and new inventions. In the 1920s Australian politics was dominated by the conservative parties and, despite some industrial discontent and hardship

A Simple Heart by Gustave Flaubert Study Guide

â€Å"A Simple Heart† by Gustave Flaubert describes the life, the affections, and the fantasies of a diligent, kindhearted servant named Fà ©licità ©. This detailed story opens with an overview of Fà ©licità ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s working life—most of which has been spent serving a middle-class widow named Madame Aubain, â€Å"who, it must be said, was not the easiest of people to get on with† (3). However, during her fifty years with Madame Aubain, Fà ©licità © has proved herself to be an excellent housekeeper. As the third-person narrator of â€Å"A Simple Heart† states: â€Å"No one could have been more persistent when it came to haggling over prices and, as for cleanliness, the spotless state of her saucepans was the despair of all the other serving maids† (4). Though a model servant, Fà ©licità © had to endure hardship and heartbreak early in life. She lost her parents at a young age and had a few brutal employers before she met Madame Aubain. In her teenage years, Fà ©licità © also struck up a romance with a â€Å"fairly well off† young man named Thà ©odore—only to find herself in agony when Thà ©odore abandoned her for an older, wealthier woman (5-7). Soon after this, Fà ©licità © was hired to look after Madame Aubain and the two young Aubain children, Paul and Virginie. Fà ©licità © formed a series of deep attachments during her fifty years of service. She became devoted to Virginie, and closely followed Virginie’s church activities: â€Å"She copied the religious observances of Virginie, fasting when she fasted and going to confession whenever she did† (15). She also became fond of her nephew Victor, a sailor whose travels â€Å"took him to Morlaix, to Dunkirk and to Brighton and after each trip, he brought back a present for Fà ©licità ©Ã¢â‚¬  (18). Yet Victor dies of yellow fever during a voyage to Cuba, and the sensitive and sickly Virginie also dies young. The years pass, â€Å"one very much like another, marked only by the annual recurrence of the church festivals,† until Fà ©licità © finds a new outlet for her â€Å"natural kind-heartedness† (26-28). A visiting noblewoman gives Madame Aubain a parrot—a noisy, stubborn parrot named Loulou—and Fà ©licità © wholeheartedly begins looking after t he bird. Fà ©licità © starts to go deaf and suffers from â€Å"imaginary buzzing noises in her head† as she grows older, yet the parrot is a great comfort—â€Å"almost a son to her; she simply doted on him† (31). When Loulou dies, Fà ©licità © sends him to a taxidermist and is delighted with the â€Å"quite magnificent† results (33). But the years ahead are lonely; Madame Aubain dies, leaving Fà ©licità © a pension and (in effect) the Aubain house, since â€Å"nobody came to rent the house and nobody came to buy it† (37). Fà ©licità ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s health deteriorates, though she still keeps informed about religious ceremonies. Shortly before her death, she contributes the stuffed Loulou to a local church display. She dies as a church procession is underway, and in her final moments envisions â€Å"a huge parrot hovering above her head as the heavens parted to receive her† (40). Background and Contexts Flaubert’s Inspirations: By his own account, Flaubert was inspired to write â€Å"A Simple Heart† by his friend and confidante, the novelist George Sand. Sand had urged Flaubert to abandon his typically harsh and satiric treatment of his characters for a more compassionate way of writing about suffering, and the story of Fà ©licità © is apparently the result of this effort. Fà ©licità © herself was based on the Flaubert family’s longtime maidservant Julie. And in order to master the character of Loulou, Flaubert installed a stuffed parrot on his writing desk. As he noted during the composition of â€Å"A Simple Heart†, the sight of the taxidermy parrot â€Å"is beginning to annoy me. But I’m keeping him there, to fill my mind with the idea of parrothood.† Some of these sources and motivations help to explain the themes of suffering and loss that are so prevalent in â€Å"A Simple Heart†. The story was begun around 1875 and appeared in book form in 1877. In the meantime, Flaubert had run up against financial difficulties, had watched as Julie was reduced to blind old age, and had lost George Sand (who died in 1875). Flaubert would eventually write to Sand’s son, describing the role that Sand had played in the composition of â€Å"A Simple Heart†: â€Å"I had begun â€Å"A Simple Heart† with her in mind and exclusively to please her. She died when I was in the middle of my work.† For Flaubert, the untimely loss of Sand had a larger message of melancholy: â€Å"So is it with all our dreams.† Realism in the 19th Century: Flaubert was not the only major 19th-century author to focus on simple, commonplace, and often powerless characters. Flaubert was the successor of two French novelists—Stendhal and Balzac—who excelled at portraying middle- and upper-middle-class characters in an unadorned, brutally honest manner. In England, George Eliot depicted hardworking but far-from-heroic farmers and tradesmen in rural novels such as Adam Bede, Silas Marner, and Middlemarch; while Charles Dickens portrayed the downtrodden, impoverished residents of cities and industrial towns in the novels Bleak House and Hard Times. In Russia, the subjects of choice were perhaps more unusual: children, animals, and madmen were a few of the characters depicted by such writers as Gogol, Turgenev, and Tolstoy. Even though everyday, contemporary settings were a key element of the 19th-century realist novel, there were major realist works—including several of Flaubert’s—that depicted exotic locations and strange events. â€Å"A Simple Heart† itself was published in the collection Three Tales, and Flaubert’s other two tales are very different: â€Å"The Legend of St. Julien the Hospitaller†, which abounds in grotesque description and tells a story of adventure, tragedy, and redemption; and â€Å"Herodias†, which turns a lush Middle Eastern setting into a theater for grand religious debates. To a large extent, Flaubert’s brand of realism was based not on the subject matter, but on the use of minutely-rendered details, on an aura of historical accuracy, and on the psychological plausibility of his plots and characters. Those plots and characters could involve a simple servant, a renowned medieval saint, or aristocrats from ancient times. Key Topics Flaubert’s Depiction of Fà ©licità ©: By his own account, Flaubert designed â€Å"A Simple Heart† as â€Å"quite simply the tale of the obscure life of a poor country girl, devout but not given to mysticism† and took a thoroughly straightforward approach to his material: â€Å"It is in no way ironic (though you might suppose it to be so) but on the contrary very serious and very sad. I want to move my readers to pity, I want to make sensitive souls weep, being one myself.† Fà ©licità © is indeed a loyal servant and a pious woman, and Flaubert keeps a chronicle of her responses to major losses and disappointments. But it is still possible to read Flaubert’s text as an ironic commentary on Fà ©licità ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s life. Early on, for instance, Fà ©licità © is described in the following terms: â€Å"Her face was thin and her voice was shrill. At twenty-five, people took her to be as old as forty. After her fiftieth birthday, it became impossible to say what age she was at all. She hardly ever spoke, and her upright stance and deliberate movements gave her the appearance of a woman made out of wood, driven as if by clockwork† (4-5). Though Fà ©licità ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s unappealing appearance can earn a reader’s pity, there is also a touch of dark humor to Flaubert’s description of how strangely Fà ©licità © has aged. Flaubert also gives an earthy, comic aura to one of the great objects of Fà ©licità ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s devotion and admiration, the parrot Loulou: â€Å"Unfortunately, he had the tiresome habit of chewing his perch and he kept plucking out his feathers, scattering his droppings everywhere and splashing the water from his bath† (29). Although Flaubert invites us to pity Fà ©licità ©, he also tempts us to regard her attachments and her values as ill-advised, if not absurd. Travel, Adventure, Imagination: Even though Fà ©licità © never travels too far, and even though Fà ©licità ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s knowledge of geography is extremely limited, images of travel and references to exotic locations figure prominently in â€Å"A Simple Heart†. When her nephew Victor is at sea, Fà ©licità © vividly imagines his adventures: â€Å"Prompted by her recollection of the pictures in the geography book, she imagined him being eaten by savages, captured by monkeys in a forest or dying on some deserted beach† (20). As she grows older, Fà ©licità © becomes fascinated with Loulou the parrot—who â€Å"came from America†Ã¢â‚¬â€and decorates her room so that it resembles â€Å"something halfway between a chapel and a bazaar† (28, 34). Fà ©licità © is clearly intrigued by the world beyond the Aubains’ social circle, yet she is incapable of venturing out into it. Even trips that take her slightly outside her familiar settings— her efforts to see Victor off on his voyage (18-19), her journey to Honfleur (32-33)—unnerve her considerably. A Few Discussion Questions 1) How closely does â€Å"A Simple Heart† follow the principles of 19th-century realism? Can you find any paragraphs or passages that are excellent specimens of a â€Å"realist† way of writing? Can you find any places where Flaubert departs from traditional realism? 2) Consider your initial reactions to â€Å"A Simple Heart† and to Fà ©licità © herself. Did you perceive the character of Fà ©licità © as admirable or ignorant, as hard to read or totally straightforward? How do you think Flaubert wants us to react to this character—and what do you think Flaubert himself thought of Fà ©licità ©? 3) Fà ©licità © loses many of the people who are closest to her, from Victor to Virginie to Madame Aubain. Why is the theme of loss so prevalent in â€Å"A Simple Heart†? Is the story meant to be read as a tragedy, as a statement of the way life really is, or as something else completely? 4) What role do references to travel and adventure play in â€Å"A Simple Heart†? Are these references meant to show how little Fà ©licità © really knows about the world, or do they lend her existence a special air of excitement and dignity? Consider a few specific passages and what they say about the life Fà ©licità © leads. Note on Citations All page numbers refer to Roger Whitehouses translation of Gustave Flauberts Three Tales, which contains the full text of A Simple Heart (introduction and notes by Geoffrey Wall; Penguin Books, 2005).

Client Centered Therapy Free Essays

Jessica Jeffers It is inevitable that in psychotherapy there are numerous theories. Theories arise out of scholarly investigations of ideas on human behavior. Human behavior is an extraordinarily interesting subject and therefore produces a plethora of ideas from a variety of theorists. We will write a custom essay sample on Client Centered Therapy or any similar topic only for you Order Now These theorists are influenced by their education, culture, and time period. One of the most influential, empathetically understanding, theorists is Carl Rogers. His contributions to human behavior have changed many of the theories that preceded him, and contributed his theory to many theories that followed him. I want to explore Client/Person Centered Therapy. This is a type of therapy that was pioneered by Carl Rogers. This therapy is different because as the name suggests it solely focuses on the client. ‘In focusing on the client, the client’s feelings are deeply explored. The assumption is however, that the client was never able to have their feelings heard by the people surrounding them. Person Centered Therapy would allow the client to then be able to express their feelings openly. According to Strupp (1971), â€Å"psychotherapeutic relationship is in principle indistinguishable from any good human relationship in which a person feels fully accepted, respected, and prized† (p. 39). Thus, there must be a therapeutic alliance between therapist and client. This therapeutic alliance should creative an environment for the client in which the client feels the therapist is judgment-free. I find that Roger’s theory to be interesting and seemingly affective. It makes sense that a change in a clients negative relationship patterns would allow freedom for the client to express themselves emotionally. According to Strupp (1971), â€Å"The client, therefore, is not a patient who is sick and who is in need of treatment, but he is a person whose earlier experiences in life have made him defensive, severed him from free and open communication with his peers, and prevented him from realizing his potential as a fully functioning person†(p. 39). Thus, the client would have to be categorized with the assumption that he has experienced in his past â€Å"severed free and open communication with his peers†. This would mean that a client with clear and reciprocated communication with her loved ones would not find se in Client Centered Therapy. According to Truscott (2010), â€Å"our efforts to feel good about ourselves we tend to try to incorporate others’ expectations? thereby denying our true selves and adopting instead a conditional self? resulting in feelings of disorganization and emotional pain. If, on the other hand, we experience genuineness, nonjudgmental caring , and empathy in our relationships with others, then we can achieve our potential as persons† (p. 70-71). Thus, a client with emotional support can manage his feelings easier then someone without any emotional support. This still leaves the client with emotional support with the expectation that she should not have any difficulty with expressing her emotions. It is apparent that Rogers main goal was to create an environment for the client in which he will eventually be able to independently understand and express his feelings. Truscott (2010) reported according to the â€Å"person-centered, humanistic worldview† that, When we are fully functioning we are then able to make healthy decisions and set goals for ourselves that are congruent with our personal possibilities. The therapist, therefore, does not set goals for the client of solving or managing problems. Rather, clients who are able to become more fully functioning will decide for themselves how best to cope with problems and participate in a satisfying life. (p. 71) This independence that Roger’s wanted to invoke in his clients has functionality. A person who was not able to function independently will be able to do so, which in turn can have powerful effects. The question is however, without therapeutic goals the lines of recovery seem to be infinite. Thus, if a client is not moving toward a tangible goal, then she is not moving forward. As an argument to that, I would contend that the client would move forward because they would progress in their ability to recognize their emotional turmoil’s. Rogers may not have worked with his clients to produce and obtain goals, but he did have a ultimate goal in his therapeutic work. According to Rogers, â€Å"They [clients] are then able to accept themselves as they are and to commit themselves to becoming more like they can and want to be† (as cited in Truscott, 2010, p. 2). The client is in turn aided by the therapist in becoming as authentic as possible. Thus this authenticity would provide the client with the ability to be true to themselves and their feelings. I find this to be useful in allowing the client to process their internal feelings, externally. According to Truscott (2010), â€Å"Therapists must be willing and able to listen without prejudice, judgment, or agend a if the client is to have any chance of feeling truly understood and accepted. Positive feelings, negative feelings, and silence must be acceptable to the therapist† (p. 73). This is interesting because it requires that the therapists become void of any judgments. To me this seems like a difficult task to accomplish because of the nature of judgments. Understandably so, the therapist would automatically make judgments of the client, as a natural inclination even with the best intentions against judgments. So, what kind of a therapist must one be to establish a patient centered therapy? According to Truscott (2010), â€Å"Because person-centered therapy is, at its heart, a highly collaborative approach, three qualities of the therapist must be evident in relationship with the client† (p. 73). Truscott (2005) reports that these qualities are: genuineness, unconditional positive regard and emphatic understanding. Truscott (2005) explains, â€Å"Genuineness requires a significant depth of self- knowledge. It is only a fully functioning person who can be totally genuine† (p. 73). To add (1971) contends, â€Å"†¦ he most basic ingredient of therapeutic success, is characterized by the therapist’s openness to another person’s experience and a keen awareness of himself and the client’s experience† (p. 41). , the therapist must be very aware of himself in order to be present on behalf of the client. Truscott (2005) also explains unconditional positive regard â€Å"It means that the client feels understood in a nonjudgmental wa y† (p. 74). Thus, if the therapist is completely judgment free, the client is more likely to express themselves without a fear of being ridiculed for their thoughts. Lastly Truscott (2010) explains empathetic understanding, This means that the therapist senses accurately the feelings and personal meanings that the client is experiencing and communicates this understanding to the client. The following two things are important about this: (a) that the empathy be accurate and (b) that the empathy be made known to the client. (p. 74) It is important to understand that empathy is important in all therapeutic relationships. It is a core value a therapist must hold in order to create a proper alliance with the client. It is especially important with the client centered therapy, because empathy is a core concept in the client centered therapy. Rogers’s theoretical approach functioned well for the goals of the client finally being able to discover key themes about themselves. Accordingly Raskin, Rogers ;ump; Witty (2011) contend that â€Å"The common thread is the need to understand the client’s relationship to the problem, illness, or self destructive behavior; to collaborate with the client in self-healing and growth†¦ † (p. 172). Thus, the therapist must combine with the client to put in a joint effort in the healing process. This collaboration seems most efficient because it does not allow for a false belief that the therapist will solve all of the client’s problems. Instead, it should permit the client to feel that she has support to dive into emotions she might have been afraid to do so before entering client centered therapy. It is interesting to note according to Raskin et al. ( 2011), â€Å"Our basic practice [client centered therapy] remains true to the core conditions no matter who our client may be. We also assert that our ability to form an initial therapeutic relationship depends on our own openness to and appreciation of respect for all kinds of difference† (p. 183). I believe that the cultural diversity that CCT maintains is important in a multiplicity open therapeutic environment. The implications for a non discriminatory form of therapy are that it can be used across populations. This allows for broader use of this theory and the chances for positive outcomes is increased because the availability. How to cite Client Centered Therapy, Papers

Homelessness in America free essay sample

Later, the industrial revolution caused more homelessness, industrial accidents left many former hard-working families with a dead provider, or with severe disabilities, and then the economy entered a recession in the same time period (Street News Service, 2010). Wars always left a large number of veterans homeless. Later, in 1927, there was an astronomical flood along the Mississippi River, across multiple state, leaving about 1. 3 million people without a home (Street News Service, 2010). Natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina, the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco, the Asian tsunami in 2004, and the earthquake early this year in Japan are still a major cause of homelessness. One of the first times the federal government stepped in to help deal with homelessness was during the Great Depression, and did just this when they instituted the Federal Transient Service, which funded work training programs, shelters, health centers, housing, and work camps from 1933 to 1936 (Street News Service, 2010). This program was shut down in 1936 when the Roosevelt administration decided to fund Social Security (Street News Service, 2010). Later, as the National Coalition for the Homeless reports, the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act is one of the only major federal legislation in response to homelessness, and it’s been amended four times since its original introduction (National Coalition for the Homeless, McKinney-Vento Act, 2006). The McKinney-Vento Act has nine different titles, each with various programs and goals, such as providing a specific definition of homelessness, authorizing various programs, and delegating what government agency will be in charge of running said programs (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2006). This act has been amended four times since being signed into law in 1987, in 1988, 1990, 1992, and 1994. The amendments in 1988 were relatively minor, and added a few additional places where funds from this act could be distributed (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2006). In 1990, the amendments changed far more of the act than with previous amendments, and many new programs were created, including Shelter Plus Care program (providing assistance to those with disabilities and addictions), and the Community Mental Health Services was amended and given a new name, Projects for Assistance in Transition from Homelessness (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2006). The amendments in 1992 both expanded and modified Title IV, which included several programs that were overseen by the Department of Housing and Urban Development, to include the creation of â€Å"safe havens†, which are very low-cost shelters available to people who do not wish to utilize other services, and the Rural Homeless Housing Assistance grant program (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2006). The most recent amendments to the McKinney-Vento Act took place in 1994, and these amendments focused on Education of the Homeless Children and Youth program, and the Surplus Property program (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2006). These amendments allowed local educational administrators a more flexible way to use their funding, and empowered homeless parents to have a voice when it came to their child’s education and placement (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2006). The McKinney-Vento Act is not something that is scheduled to end, but must be re-authorized every year when the budget is analyzed (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2006). Homelessness is a devastating problem that can have a multitude of causes. According to the National Coalition for the Homeless, these reasons can include (but are not limited to) mortgage foreclosure, poverty, eroding work opportunities, declines in the availability of public assistance, lack of affordable housing, mental illness, substance abuse, domestic violence, and a lack of affordable health care (National Coalition for the Homeless, 2009). More families than ever are just one disaster away from homelessness. According to a personal interview dated 11/22/2010 with Linore Lounsbury, director of the Genesis House homeless shelter in Olean, more people than ever are experiencing homelessness for the first time, people who are normal, hard-working people who have experience a devastating job loss or health problem that wouldn’t have led to homelessness before the economy started to slip. The United States Code Title 42, Chapter 199, officially defines homelessness as †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦an individual who lacks a fixed, regular, or adequate nighttime residence; and individual who has a primary nighttime residence that is – A. supervised publicly or privately operated shelter designed to provide temporary living accommodations (including welfare hotels, congregate shelters, and transitional housing for the mentally ill); B. an institution that provides a temporary residence for individuals intended to be institutionalized; or C. a public or private place not designed for, or ordinarily used as, a regular sleeping accommodation for human beings† (United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, n. d. ). One of the problems for defining homelessness was a lack of a consistent definition between states and counties, though one has finally been provided. Another is how exactly to count how many homeless people there are. Unfortunately, homelessness can be a very difficult problem to track. Not only is there a stigma related to being homeless, but many have cognitive disabilities that interfere with them helping themselves, and many also would rather not be located. Homelessness levels are essentially impossible to track, especially on a grand scale with any accuracy, as both the definition of homelessness and the number of people without shelter in a given time frame varies greatly. In addition, there’s no way to know exactly where homeless people will seek shelter. We do, however, have ways of making a very educated guess. Jodi Fuller, the Chief Operating Officer of Developmental and the Director of the Transitions Department for Cattaraugus Community Action, and her staff participate in a Point in Time study annually, which attempts to estimate the number of homeless people in a given county over the course of 24 hours in January by speaking to various agencies regarding the number of homeless people they are currently helping, and by driving around to locations where homeless people are known to seek refuge (Fuller, 2010). According to this point in time study, Community Action discovered 120 homeless people in Cattaraugus County, 67 of which were adults, and 53 were under the age of 18, and they were grouped into 29 families and 37 adults who were alone (Fuller, 2010). This means that of the total population of 81,534 people in Cattaraugus County, 0. 1% were homeless, but this is not an entirely accurate number, as any attempt to locate and account for homeless people is truly just an educated guess (Fuller, 2010). Per Maggie McCarthy’s Congressional Research Services Report for Congress titled Homelessness: Recent Statistics, Targeted Federal Programs, and Recent Legislation, the closest estimate of homeless people in the United States in 2005 between 600,000 and 2. 5 million people (McCarthy, 2005). The average homeless population was estimated by the Report for Congress to be 49% African-American, 35% white, 13% Hispanic, 2% Native American and 1% Asian (McCarthy, 2005). Policies Regarding Homelessness in The United States There are many legislative policies regarding homelessness at the federal level. According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, recent legislation includes programs like Section 8 voucher funding, Runaway and Homeless Youth Act programs, Homeless Vets Legislation, McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance grants, and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2011). According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, the budget passed by congress in April of 2011 included a renewal for $35 million for Section 811, which provides a rent voucher for low-income households (National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2011). The vouchers given out to over two million participating households, and this program is the largest form of assistance toward housing for low-income families and individuals (National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2011). The National Alliance to End Homelessness states that the Runaway and Homeless Youth Act, which is administered by the Family and Youth Services Bureau (part of the Department of Health and Human Services’ Administration for Children and Families) runs several programs to help support families and protect youth including The Basic Center Program, which assists runaway/homeless youth with the immediate needs related to being homeless, and supports families, The Transitional Living Program (which provides a place for homeless youths ages 16-21 to stay for up to 18 months), and the Street Outreach Program, which helps different agencies fund outreach programs that help move youths off the streets (National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2011). According to the National Alliance to End Homelessness, Homeless Vets Legislation allocates $50 million which allows for approximately 7,700 vouchers to provide shelter for homeless veterans through Housing and Urban Development- Veterans Af fairs Supportive Housing (National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2011). Another bit of legislation called the Helping Our Homeless Veterans Act of 2011 has been introduced to help better-serve veterans and allow programs to contract out for the most appropriate services for each situation, but no action has been taken on this bill yet (National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2011). The Department of Veterans Affairs has a goal of ending homelessness amongst veterans within five years, but this still requires much more legislation to be enacted (National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2011). Most recently in the McKinney-Vento Act, funding for McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Grants has been increased to $1. 905 billion per year, with Congress mandating that $225 million of that be spent towards Emergency Solutions Grant (National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2011). McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Grants help to fund homeless services at several different levels: local, regional, and state, thus making a more effective use of federal grant money (National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2011). According to The McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act (found at Serve Center, n. d. ) funds come from the federal government for educating homeless children and youths as long as the state education agency applies for the appropriate grants. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration offers homeless services such as case management, mental health services and counseling, mental health services, and health care which are also linked to housing services (National Alliance to End Homelessness, 2011). The above pieces of federal legislation are not scheduled to end, they are voted on every year when a new federal budget it passed. New York State Office of Alcoholism amp; Substance Abuse Services offers a variety of services for the homeless, including using federal grant money to create free-standing Sobering-Up stations in several large cities from homeless people who were inebriated in public as early as 1978, developing an alcoholism treatment clinic on the same site as a men’s homeless shelter and creating a long-term residential program for previously homeless people in 1981, and opening the first women and family homeless shelter in Manhattan in 1983 (New York State Office of Alcoholism amp; Substance Abuse Services, hereafter NYSOASAS, 2010). Works Cited Code of Ethics (English and Spanish). (n. d. ). National Association of Social Workers. Retrieved April 19, 2011, from http://www. naswdc. org/pubs/code/code. asp Federal Definition of Homelessness. (n. d. ). U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Retrieved April 20, 2011, from portal. hud. gov/hudportal/HUD? src=/topics/homelessness/definition Legislative Updates. (n. d. ). National Alliance to End Homelessness. Retrieved April 15, 2011, from http://www. endhomelessness. org/section/policy/legislative_updates McCarthy, M. (2005, May 31). Homelessness: Recent Statistics, Targeted Federal Programs, and Recent Legislation. CRS Report for Congress. Retrieved April 23, 2011, from www. fas. org/sgp/crs/misc/RL30442. pdf McKinney-Vento Act. (n. d. ). National Coalition for the Homeless. Retrieved April 15, 2011, from www. nationalhomeless. org/publications/facts/McKinney. pdf Olivet, J. (2010, July 7). The History of Homelessness in America, 1640-Present Street News Service. Home Street News Service. Retrieved April 10, 2011, from http://www. streetnewsservice. org/news/2010/july/feed-240/the-history-of-homelessness-in-america,-1640-present-. aspx The McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act. (n. d. ). Serve Center. Retrieved April 5, 2011, from center. serve. org/nche/downloads/mv_full_text. pdf The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (n. d. ). United Nations. Retrieved April 18, 2011, from http://www. un. org/en/documents/udhr/index. shtml Why Are People Homeless?. (n. d. ). National Coalition for the Homeless. Retrieved April 23, 2011, from http://www. nationalhomeless. org [ return to top ]